Table 1 Plant features plus ecological and defensive traits of tenthredinid sawfly larvae used in reconstructing ancestral states and analyzing phylogenetic correlations
Character | (Code) state |
|---|---|
Diet breadth | (0) one plant species or genus, (1) at least two plant genera but of one family, (2) plant genera of at least two families |
Plant toxicity | (0) never, (1) sometimes, (2) always |
Mechanical plant protection | (0) free-living larva, (1) leaf miner, (2) borer, (3) galler |
Placement on leaf | (0) leaf edge, (1) leaf upper- and/or underside |
Gregariousness | (0) solitary, (1) aggregated, i.e., larvae distributed on a plant, generally < 3 per leaf, (2) truly gregarious, i.e., larvae on one leaf or several adjacent leaves |
Defensive body movements | (0) dropping easily and/or violent movements, (1) no, (2) raising abdomen |
Predominant body coloration | (0) green, (1) white ventrally and green dorsally, (2) white or yellow, (3) brown-grey to black, or white ventrally and dark dorsally |
Distinct dark to black spots | (0) absent, (1) present |
Exocrine ventral glands | (0) absent, (1) present |
Body setation and protrusions | (0) with very short setae and without long protrusions, (1) with setae > 1/6 as long as body diameter, (2) with protrusions or spines > 1/6 as long as body diameter |
Integumental wax layer | (0) no, (1) yes |
Easy bleeding | (0) no, (1) yes |