Table 4 Time constraints used for divergence time estimation
Node | Constraints | Calibration information |
|---|---|---|
A | U 472 | The minimum age for the basal split of bony fish based on the earliest known acanthodian remains from Late Ordovician [128] |
|  | L 419 | The †Psarolepis fossil (sarcopterygians) [129] from Ludlow (Silurian) [100] |
B | U 419 | The minimum age for the Sarcopterygii/Actinopterygii split |
|  | L 392 | The †Moythomasia fossil (actinopteran) from the Givetian/Eifelian boundary [100] |
C | U 392 | The minimum age for the Polypteriformes/Actinopteri split |
|  | L 345 | The †Cosmoptychius fossil (neopterygian or actinopteran) from Tournasian [100] |
D | L 130 | The †Protopsephurus fossil (Polyodontidae) from Hauterivian (Cretaceous) [100] |
E | L 284 | The †Brachydegma fossil (stem amiids) from Artinskian (Permian) [100] |
F | L 136 | The †Yanbiania fossil (Hiodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous [100] |
G | L 112 | The †Laeliichthys fossil (Osteoglossidae) from the Aptian (Cretaceous) [130] |
H | L 151 | The †Anaethalion, †Elopsomolos, and †Eoprotelops fossil (Elopomorpha) from Kimmeridgian (Jurassic) [100] |
I | L 94 | The †Lebonichthys (Albulidae) fossil from the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) [130] |
J | L 49 | The Conger (Congridae) and Anguilla (Anguillidae) fossils from the Ypresian (Tertiary) [130] |
K | L 146 | The †Tischlingerichthys fossil (Ostariophysi) from Tithonian (Jurassic) [100] |
L | L 56 | The †Knightia fossil (Clupeidae) from the Thanetian (Paleogene) [130] |
M | L 49 | The †Parabarbus fossil (Cyprinidae) from the Ypresian (Paleogene) [130] |
N | L 8 | Gymnotiform fossil from the Late Miocene [131] |
O | L 98 | The Santanichthys (Characiformes) fossil from Albian (Cretaceous) [94] |
P | L 74 | The ariid fossil from Campanian (Cretaceous) [132] |
Q | L 74 | The †Esteseox foxi fossil (Esociformes) from the Campanian (Cretaceous) [133] |
R | L 94 | The †Berycopsis fossil (Polymixiidae) from the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) [130] |
S | L 98 | The tetraodontiform fossil from the Cenomanian [134] |
T | L 32 | The estimated divergence time between Takifugu and Tetraodon [135] |
U | U 95 L 85 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between Madagascar and Indian [104] |
V | U 145 L 112 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between Indo-Madagascar landmass and Gondwanaland [104] |
W | U 120 L 100 | The upper and lower bounds of separation between African and South American landmasses [104] |