Cardoso P, Barton PS, Birkhofer K, Chichorro F, Deacon C, Fartmann T, et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity on insect extinctions. Biol Conserv. 2020;242:108426.
Google Scholar
Dennis RLH. Butterfly habitats, broad-scale biotope affiliations, and structural exploitation of vegetation at finer scales: the matrix revisited. Ecol Entomol. 2004;29:744–52.
Google Scholar
Baguette M, Van Dyck H. Landscape connectivity and animal behavior: functional grain as a key determinant for dispersal. Landscape Ecol. 2007;22(8):1117–29.
Google Scholar
Hanski I. Habitat connectivity, habitat continuity, and metapopulations in dynamic landscapes. Oikos. 1999;87:209–19.
Google Scholar
Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA. Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
Google Scholar
Maes D, Vanreusel W, Jacobs I, Berwaerts K, Van Dyck H. Applying IUCN Red List criteria at a small regional level: a test case with butterflies in Flanders (north Belgium). Biol Cons. 2012;145(1):258–66.
Google Scholar
Fox R, Warren MS, Brereton TM, Roy DB, Robinson A. A new red list of british butterflies. Insect Conserv Divers. 2011;4(3):159–72.
Google Scholar
van Swaay CAM. Basisrapport Rode Lijst Dagvlinders 2019 volgens Nederlandse en IUCN-criteria. Wageningen: De Vlinderstichting; 2019.
Google Scholar
Webb NR. The traditional managment of European heathlands. J Appl Ecol. 1998;35:987–90.
Google Scholar
Exeler N, Kratochwil A, Hochkirch A. Restoration of riverine inland sand dunes: implications for the conservation of wild bees (Apoidea). J Appl Ecol. 2009;46:1097–105.
Google Scholar
Provoost S, Bonte D. Levende duinen: een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de Vlaamse kust. Brussel: Instituut voor Natuurbehoud; 2004.
Google Scholar
Van Landuyt W, Vanhecke L, Hoste I, Hendrickx F, Bauwens D. Changes in the distribution area of vascular plants in Flanders (northern Belgium): eutrophication as a major driving force. Biodivers Conserv. 2008;17(12):3045–60.
Google Scholar
Rose RJ, Webb NR, Clarke RT, Traynor CH. Changes on the heathlands on Dorset, England, between 1987 and 1996. Biol Cons. 2000;93:117–25.
Google Scholar
European Commission. Interpretation manual of European Union Habitats-EUR27. Brussels: European Commission DG Environment; 2007.
Google Scholar
Maes D, Ghesquiere A, Logie M, Bonte D. Habitat use and mobility of two threatened coastal dune insects: implications for conservation. J Insect Conserv. 2006;10(2):105–15.
Google Scholar
Bourn NAD, Bulman CR. Landscape scale conservation, theory into practice. In: Kuhn E, Feldmann R, Thomas JA, Settele J, editors. Studies on the ecology and conservation of butterflies in Europe general concepts and case studies 1. Dorset: Butterfly Conservation; 2005. p. 111–2.
Google Scholar
Maes D, Vanreusel W, Talloen W, Dyck HV. Functional conservation units for the endangered Alcon Blue butterfly Maculinea alcon in Belgium (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Biol Cons. 2004;120(2):229–41.
Google Scholar
Ellis S, Wainwright D, Berney F, Bulman C, Bourn N. Landscape-scale conservation in practice: lessons from northern England. UK J Insect Conserv. 2010;15(1–2):69–81.
Google Scholar
Stevens VM, Turlure C, Baguette M. A meta-analysis of dispersal in butterflies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2010;85(3):625–42.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schneider C. The influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal: an analysis of butterfly data. Ecological Entomology. 2003;28:252–6.
Google Scholar
Vanden Broeck A, Maes D, Kelager A, Wynhoff I, WallisDeVries MF, Nash DR, et al. Gene flow and effective population sizes of the butterfly Maculinea alcon in a highly fragmented, anthropogenic landscape. Biol Cons. 2017;209:89–97.
Google Scholar
Kim KS, Sappington TW. Population genetics strategies to characterize long-distance dispersal of insects. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 2013;16(1):87–97.
Google Scholar
Schirmel J, Fartmann T. Coastal heathland succession influences butterfly community composition and threatens endangered butterfly species. J Insect Conserv. 2014;18(1):111–20.
Google Scholar
Tropek R, Cizek O, Kadlec T, Klecka J. Habitat use of Hipparchia Semele (Lepidoptera) in its artificial stronghold: necessity of the resource-based habitat view in restoration of disturbed sites. Pol J Ecol. 2017;65(3):385–99.
Google Scholar
van Strien A, van Swaay C, Kéry M. Metapopulation dynamics in the butterfly Hipparchia semele changed decades before occupancy declined in The Netherlands. Ecol Appl. 2011;21(7):2510–20.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bonte D, Maes D. Trampling affects the distribution of specialised coastal dune arthropods. Basic Appl Ecol. 2008;9:726–34.
Google Scholar
Middlebrook I, Hardy PB, Botham MS, Dennis RLH. The importance of unique populations for conservation: the case of the great orme’s head grayling butterfly Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). J Insect Conserv. 2019;23(2):381–91.
Google Scholar
Kudrna O, Harpke A, Lux K, Pennerstorfer J, Schweiger O, Settele J, et al. Distribution atlas of butterlfies in Europe. Halle: Gfs; 2011.
Google Scholar
Fichefet V, Barbier Y, Baugnée J-Y, Dufrêne M, Goffart P, Maes D, et al. Papillons de jour de Wallonie (1985–2007). Region Wallonne: Gembloux; 2008. p. 320.
Google Scholar
Maes D, Fajgenblat M, Herremans M, Piesschaert F, Vantieghem P, Jacobs I, et al. IUCN Rode Lijst van de dagvlinders in Vlaanderen 2021. Rapporten van het Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, Brussel. 2021.
Vanreusel W, Cortens J, Van Dyck H. Herstel van dagvlinderpopulaties in en om het Nationaal Park Hoge Kempen. Universiteit Antwerpen (UIA-UA)—in opdracht van afdeling Natuur van het Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, Wilrijk. 2002.
Kingsolver JG. Experimental analyses of wing size, flight, and survival in the western white butterfly. Evolution. 1999;53(5):1479–90.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hamm CA, Aggarwal D, Landis DA. Evaluating the impact of non-lethal DNA sampling on two butterflies, Vanessa cardui and Satyrodes eurydice. J Insect Conserv. 2009;14(1):11–8.
Google Scholar
Rousset F. genepop’007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux. Mol Ecol Resour. 2008;8(1):103–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hochberg Y. A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika. 1988;75(4):800–2.
Google Scholar
Dempster AP, Laird NM, Rubin DB. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J Roy Stat Soc. 1977;39(1):1–38.
Google Scholar
Keyghobadi N, Roland J, Strobeck C. Genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations of the alpine butterfly, Parnassius smintheus, vary with landscape connectivity. Mol Ecol. 2005;14(7):1897–909.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waples RS. Testing for Hardy-Weinberg proportions: have we lost the plot? J Hered. 2015;106(1):1–19.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paetkau D, Slade R, Burden M, Estoup A. Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Mol Ecol. 2004;13:55–65.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piry S, Alapetite A, Cornuet JM, Paetkau D, Baudouin L, Estoup A. GENECLASS2: a software for genetic assignment and first-generation migrant detection. J Hered. 2004;95(6):536–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cornuet JM, Piry S, Luikart G, Estoup A, Solignac M. New methods employing multilocus genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals. Genetics. 1999;153:1989–2000.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Peakall R, Smouse PE. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research—an update. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(19):2537–9.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Keenan K, McGinnity P, Cross TF, Crozier WW, Prodöhl PA, O’Hara RB. diveRsity: AnRpackage for the estimation and exploration of population genetics parameters and their associated errors. Methods Ecol Evol. 2013;4(8):782–8.
Google Scholar
Chybicki IJ, Burczyk J. Simultaneous estimation of null alleles and inbreeding coefficients. J Hered. 2009;100(1):106–13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kalinowski ST. Do polymorphic loci require large sample sizes to estimate genetic distances? Heredity (Edinb). 2005;94(1):33–6.
CAS
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020.
Google Scholar
Cornuet JM, Luikart G. Description and power analysis of two tests for detecting recent population bottlencks from allele frequency data. Genetics. 1996;144:2001–14.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Do C, Waples RS, Peel D, Macbeth GM, Tillett BJ, Ovenden JR. NeEstimator v2: re-implementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size (Ne ) from genetic data. Mol Ecol Resour. 2014;14(1):209–14.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones OR, Wang J. COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010;10(3):551–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang J. A new method for estimating effective population sizes from a single sample of multilocus genotypes. Mol Ecol. 2009;18(10):2148–64.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hedrick PW. A standardized genetic differentiation measure. Evolution. 2005;59(8):1633–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jost L. G(ST) and its relatives do not measure differentiation. Mol Ecol. 2008;17(18):4015–26.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000;155:945–59.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Corander J, Marttinen P. Bayesian identification of admixture events using multilocus molecular markers. Mol Ecol. 2006;15(10):2833–43.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tinbergen N. The courtship of the grayling Eumenis (=Satyrus) semele (L.) (1942). London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd; 1972.
Google Scholar
Dennis RLH, Sparks TH, Shreeve TG. Geographical factors influencing the probability of Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) occurring on British and Irish off-shore islands. Glob Ecol and Biogeogr Lett. 1998;7:205–14.
Google Scholar
Segers N. Mobility and habitat use of the butterfly Hipparchia semele (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae) in the National Park Hoge Kempen (Belgium) [Master Thesis]. Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen; 2012.
Google Scholar
Harper GL, Maclean N, Goulson D. Microsatellite markers to assess the influence of population size, isolation and demographic change on the genetic structure of the UK butterfly Polyommatus bellargus. Mol Ecol. 2003;12(12):3349–57.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Provoost S, Ampe C, Bonte D, Cosyns E, Hoffmann M. Ecology, management and monitoring of dune grasslands in Flanders, Belgium. Littoral 2002 The Changing Coast. 2002:11–22.
Concepción ED, Moretti M, Altermatt F, Nobis MP, Obrist MK. Impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity: the role of species mobility, degree of specialisation and spatial scale. Oikos. 2015;124(12):1571–82.
Google Scholar
Leidner AK, Haddad NM. Natural, not urban, barriers define population structure for a coastal endemic butterfly. Conserv Genet. 2010;11(6):2311–20.
Google Scholar
Puechmaille SJ. The program structure does not reliably recover the correct population structure when sampling is uneven: subsampling and new estimators alleviate the problem. Mol Ecol Resour. 2016;16(3):608–27.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meirmans PG. The trouble with isolation by distance. Mol Ecol. 2012;21:2839–46.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nowicki P, Vrabec V, Binzenhöfer B, Feil J, Zakšek B, Hovestadt T, et al. Butterfly dispersal in inhospitable matrix: rare, risky, but long-distance. Landscape Ecol. 2014;29(3):401–12.
Google Scholar
Maes D, Vanreusel W, Van Dyck H. Dagvlinders in Vlaanderen: nieuwe kennis voor betere actie! Tielt: Lannoo nv; 2013.
Google Scholar
Drees C, De Vries H, Härdtle W, Matern A, Persigehl M, Assmann T. Genetic erosion in a stenotopic heathland ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a matter of habitat size? Conserv Genet. 2009;12(1):105–17.
Google Scholar
Zilko JP, Harley D, Hansen B, Pavlova A, Sunnucks P. Accounting for cryptic population substructure enhances detection of inbreeding depression with genomic inbreeding coefficients: an example from a critically endangered marsupial. Mol Ecol. 2020;29(16):2978–93.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nieminen M, Singer MC, Fortelius W, Schöps K, Hanski I. Experimental confirmation that inbreeding depression increases extinction risk in butterfly populations. Am Nat. 2001;157:237–44.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nonaka E, Siren J, Somervuo P, Ruokolainen L, Ovaskainen O, Hanski I. Scaling up the effects of inbreeding depression from individuals to metapopulations. J Anim Ecol. 2019;88(8):1202–14.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wahlund S. Zusammensetzung von population und korrelationserscheinung vom stand-punkt der vererbungslehre aus betrachtet. Hereditas. 1928;11:65–106.
Google Scholar
Bos F. Heivlinder Hipparchia semele. Natuur van Nederland. 2006;7:235–7.
Google Scholar
Salgado AL, DiLeo MF, Saastamoinen M, Rasmann S. Narrow oviposition preference of an insect herbivore risks survival under conditions of severe drought. Funct Ecol. 2020;34(7):1358–69.
Google Scholar
IUCN/SSC. IUCN guidelines for reintroductions and other conservation translocations, version 1.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland. 2013.
Lynch M. The genetic interpretation of inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression. Evolution. 1991;45(3):622–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar