Fig. 3From: Co-structure analysis and genetic associations reveal insights into pinworms (Trypanoxyuris) and primates (Alouatta palliata) microevolutionary dynamicsHaplotype genealogical relationships and demographic history of A Alouatta palliata, B Trypanoxyuris minutus and C T. multilabiatus. Top: median-joining haplotype networks, colours correspond to sampled geographic regions in southeast Mexico. Bottom: Bayesian skyline plots based on mtDNA showing changes in median female effective population sizes (Nef) through time. A Gradual population growth in howler monkeys until ca. 8000Â years ago, decreasing afterwards until reaching a most recent Nef of 60,000. B Continuous population growth in T. minutus until ca. 250Â years ago when the increase rate slowed down to a relatively constant trend (Nef from 1,303,500 to 1,347,000. C dynamic trend in T. multilabiatus population growth, remaining constant until ca. 2000Â years ago and then fluctuating by decreasing from 32,250 to 24,700, followed by a rapid increase around 800Â years ago up to 88,400, to a final decrease with a most recent Nef of 86,000Back to article page