Table 3 Results of CCA analyses, comparing the 2016–19 current monitoring results from plots refaunated by large ungulates versus neglected plots

 ~ Nectar

4.9, ns

 ~ Weather

4.2, ns

3.8, ns

 ~ Factorial hour

2.5, ns

1.3 + 

 ~ Polynomial hour

2.1, ns

1.4*

 ~ Factorial year

14.5*

7.9**

 ~ Linear year

5.6, ns

 ~ Position (forward selected: latitude)

3.2**

 ~ Site

3.2**

FW covariate model^a (~ factorial year + latitude)

14.5***

6.8***

BW covariate model^b (~ factorial year + latitude + nectar)

15.3***

6.6***

 ~ Tanks

1.9, ns

 ~ Tanks | factorial year + latitude

1.0, ns

 ~ Tanks | factorial year + latitude + nectar

1.0, ns

 ~ Refaunation^c

2.3, ns

1.8, ns

 ~ Refaunation | factorial year + latitude

2.5**

1.7**

 ~ Refaunation | factorial year + latitude + nectar

2.5*

1.5*

 ~ Refaunation + tanks

3.6, ns

2.2*

 ~ Refaunation + tanks | factorial year + latitude

2.9**

1.6**

 ~ Refaunation + tanks | factorial year + latitude + nectar

3.1**

1.6**

 ~ Ungulates^d

2.8 + 

1.6 + 

 ~ Ungulates | factorial year + latitude

3.0*

1.3*

 ~ Ungulates | factorial year + latitude + nectar

2.6*

1.2 + 

 ~ Ungulates + tanks

4.2*

1.9*

 ~ Ungulates + tanks | latitude + factorial year

3.0*

1.3*

 ~ Ungulates + tanks | latitude + factorial year + nectar

3.4*

1.3 +