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Table 3 Cephalic musculature of the adults of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838)

From: Contribution to understanding the evolution of holometaboly: transformation of internal head structures during the metamorphosis in the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Muscle Abb.

Origin

Insertion

Presumed function

Labrum/3

 0 lb1

Frons

Mesally on the outer basal wall of the labrum

Levator of labrum

 0 lb2

frons

tormae

Levator of labrum

 0 lb4

Dorsal part of the labrum

Ventral part of the labrum

Compressor of labrum

Antenna/7

 0an1

Anterior tentorial arms

Anterior basal edge of the scape

Depressor and flexor of antenna

 0an2

Anterior tentorial arms, posterior to 0an1

Posterior basal edge of the scape

Levator of antenna

 0an4

Dorsal tentorial arms

Mesal basal edge of the scape

Depressor and rotator of antenna

 0an6

Laterally, mesally of the dorsal wall of the scape

Lateral basal edge of the pedicel

Extensor of flagellum

 0an7

Inner wall of scape

Basal edge of the pedicel

Flexor of flagellum

 0an9

Ventral wall of the scape

Posteriro basal region of the pedicel

Depressor of the antenna

 0an10

Dorsal wall of the scape

Anterior basal region of the pedicel

Elevator of the antenna

Mandible/5

 0md1

Posterior part between occipital and compound eye of the head capsule

Tendon that inserts at the median edge of the mandible

Adductor of mandible

 0md3

Gena and postgena

Tendon that inserts at the lateral edge of the mandible

Abductor of mandible

 0md4

Lateral wall of the hypopharynx

Inner median wall of the mandible

Protractor of anatomical mouth opening

 0md6

Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms

ventral basal margin of the mandible

Adductor of mandible

 0md8

Anterial tentorial arms

Mediodorsal wall of the mandibular cavity

 

Maxilla/13

 0mx1

Posterior part of the head capsule

Basal cardinal process

Promoter of maxilla

 0mx2

Posterior part of gena

Basal part of the lacinia

Adductor of lacinia

 0mx3

Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms

Carostipital sulcus

Adductor of cardo and protractor of maxilla

 0mx4

Ventral side of the anterior tentorial arms, under 0mx3

Anterior edge of the stipes

Adductor of maxilla

 0mx5

Lateral part of tentorial bridge

Basally on the stipes, close to 0mx4

Adductor of stipes and protractor of maxilla

 0mx6

Lateral wall of stipes, close to carostipital sulcus

Basal edge of the lacinia

Adductor of lacinia

 0mx7

Mesal wall of stipes

Basal edge of the galea

Abductor of galea

 0mx8

Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus

Basal edge of the first palpomere

Abductor of maxillary palp

 0mx10

Stipital ridge

Distal edge of the palpomere 1

Adductor of maxillary palp

 0mx12

Basal edge of palpomere 1

Basal edge of palpomere 2

Adductor of maxillary palpomere ii

 0mx13

Basal edge of palpomere 1

Basal edge of palpomere 3

Abductor of maxillary palpomere iii

 0mx14

Basal edge of palpomere 3

Basal edge of palpomere 4

Adductor of maxillary palpomere iv

 0mx15

Basal edge of palpomere 4

Basal edge of palpomere 5

Adductor of maxillary palpomere v

Labium/6

 0la5

Posterior tentorial arms

Laterobasal edge of prementum

Adductor of praementum

 0la8

Posterior part of submentum

Posterior edge of mentum

Retractor of praementum

 0la13

Distally on the prementum

Distal edge of the labial palpus

Adductor of labial palpomere i

 0la14

Basal edge of the prementum

Basal edge of the labial palpus

Levator of labial palp

 0la16

Basal edge of palpomere 1

Basal edge of palpomere 2

Flexor of labial palpomere ii

 0la17

Basal edge of palpomere 2

Basal edge of palpomere 3

Flexor of labial palpomere iii

Epipharynx/2

 0ci1

Mesally on the clypeus

Posterior region of epipharynx

Dilatator ofcibarium

 0bu1

Anterior region of frons

Roof of the bucca

Dilator of buccal cavity

Hypopharynx/5

 0hy1

frons

Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites

Levator and dilator of anatomical mouth

 0hy2

Anterior tentorial arm

Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites

Dilator of anatomical mouth

 0hy8

Basal part of prementum

Lateral wall of salivarium

Dilator of salivarium

 0hy9

Oral arm of suspensorial sclerite

Oral arm of the suspensorial sclerites on the other side

Connecting the anterior oral arms

 0hy12

Anterior region of hypopharynx

Dorsolateral wall of salivarium

Dilator of salivarium

Pharynx/9

 0bu2

Frons, below the antennal base

Dorsal wall of pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0bu3

Posterior region of frons, lateral to the antennal base

Dorsolateral wall of pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0bu4

Anterior tentorial arms

Lateral wall of bucca

Dilator of pharynx

 0bu5

Tentorial bridge

Ventral wall of pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0bu6

Tentorial bridge

Ventral wall of pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0 ph 1

Vertex

Dorsal wall of the pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0 ph 2

Posterior tentorial arms

Lateral wall of pharynx

Dilator of pharynx

 0st1

Ring muscle layer that covers the entire pharynx

 

Constrictor of the pharynx

 0st2

Longitudinal muscle layer directly above musculus annularis stomodaei

 

Constrictor of the pharynx