Fig. 1

The three patterns of ecological niche models (ENMs) and distribution dynamics for birds studied in the present study. (a) Aegithalos concinnus, (b) Yuhina diademata and (c) Spizixos semitorques. For each species, three time points were considered, i.e., the present day (Present), last glacial maximum (LGM; ~26–19 thousand years ago, Ka), and last interglacial period (LIG; ~112–132 Ka). Black dots show species occurrence records rarefied at a 1-km spatial resolution. To avoid over-prediction, the ENMs were transformed to binary (presence/ absence) distribution by a threshold of the maximum training sensitivity plus specificity (MTSS), with detailed logistic values specified in Additional file 1: Table S3