Table 1 Primary species vs. secondary species hypotheses
Primary species hypothesis | Secondary species hypothesis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From the literature | Result of this study | ||||||
Species (Phoxinus) | Species range | Remarks | Clade | mtDNA | ntDNA | Adjusted range | Remarks |
P. apollonicus Bianco & De Bonis, 2015 [19] | River Morača and its tributary Zeta, belonging to the Skadar Lake basin | 7 | synonym of P. karsticus | ||||
P. bigerri Kottelat, 2007 [12] | Adour drainage, Ebro drainage, streams of Cantabric range, introduced in Douro drainage | 13 | confirmed | confirmed | Ugarna drainage, Bay of Biscay | Indication of two species, other species with distribution ranges Adour and Ebro drainages | |
P. colchicus Berg, 1910 | According to Kottelat [9]: rivers in Ozurgety District, Black Sea | Elevated to species level Bogutskaya & Naseka [62]; Kottelat & Freyhof [12] possibly two species | 18 | confirmed | confirmed | Natanebi drainage, Black Sea | Indication of two species confirmed; other species Mchishta drainage, Black Sea |
P. karsticus Bianco & De Bonis, 2015 [19] | Probably endemic to the karstic Popovo Polje–Trebinje endorheic river system | 7 | confirmed | confirmed | Skadar Lake drainage and some sinking streams, Adriatic Sea | ||
P. ketmaieri Bianco & De Bonis, 2015 [19] | Krk Island, Zrmanja River, probably other rivers of the Dalmatian district (Krka, Neretva) | 1 | synonym of P. lumaireul | Krka and Neretva belong to other clades (see below) | |||
P. likai Bianco & De Bonis, 2015 [19] | Probably endemic to the endorheic river system of Lika region | 1 | synonym of P. lumaireul | ||||
P. lumaireul (Schinz, 1840) | Po River, Italy, according to Kottelat [9] Adriatic basin from Po to Drin drainages | Originally Cyprinus lumaireul, revalidated by Kottelat [13] | 1 | confirmed | confirmed sensu stricto | North Adriatic Sea basin and middle Danube drainage, Black Sea | |
P. phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) | According to Kottelat [9], basins of Atlantic, North and Baltic Seas | Originally Cyprinus phoxinus | 10 | confirmed | limited support | Rhine drainage, North Sea | According to molecular data very restricted range |
P. strandjae Drensky, 1926 | According to Kottelat [13], Veleka and Resowska drainages, draining from Strandzha range to Black Sea | 14 | uncertain | limited support | Unchanged | Denser sampling and further analysis needed | |
Struma, possibly Loudias and Filiouris drainages | 15 | uncertain | no data available | Unchanged | Denser sampling and further analysis needed | ||
Mediterranean coastal streams from Gardon to Tech | 12 | confirmed | limited support | Unchanged | |||
P. csikii Hanko, 1922 [61] | Only the type locality given in the description—Korita, Bijelo Polje | According to Kottelat [13], synonym of P. phoxinus | 5 | confirmed | confirmed sensu stricto | Mostly right tributaries of Danube drainage, Black Sea | |
P. marsilii Heckel, 1836 [60] | Small streams in the surroundings of Vienna and beyond | According to Kottelat [13], synonym of P. phoxinus | 9 | confirmed | limited support | Middle and lower Danube drainage, mostly the left tributaries, Black Sea | |
P. morella (Leske, 1774) | Only the type locality given in the description: Bode Creek near Rübeland, Germany, Elbe drainage, North Sea | Originally Cyprinus morella; according to Kottelat [13], synonym of P. phoxinus | 11 | uncertain | no data available | Elbe and Weser drainages, North Sea, but also Danube | Specimens from the type locality needed |
Phoxinus sp. 1 | 2 | uncertain | confirmed | Neretva drainage and sinking streams mouthing to middle Adriatic Sea; but also Danube drainage, Black Sea basin | Denser sampling and further analysis needed | ||
Phoxinus sp. 2 | 3 | uncertain | limited support | Danube drainage, Black Sea | Denser sampling and further analysis needed | ||
Phoxinus sp. 3 | 4 | uncertain | limited support | Danube drainage, Black Sea | Denser sampling and further analysis needed | ||
Phoxinus sp. 4 | 6 | confirmed | confirmed | Krka River, Adriatic Sea basin | Well separated from other clades | ||
Phoxinus sp. 5 | 8 | confirmed | limited support | Ohrid Lake basin, Adriatic Sea | Well separated from other clades | ||
Phoxinus sp. 6 | 16 | uncertain | no data available | Rhone drainage, Mediterranean Sea | Only one specimen with this haplotype found | ||
Phoxinus sp. 7 | 17 | confirmed | confirmed | Baltic, North Sea basins (excluding southern coast of the North Sea) | Indication of two species confirmed with ntDNA. | ||