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Table 1 Fossil records of Hedera (entries arranged in chronological order)

From: Phylogenetic and paleobotanical evidence for late Miocene diversification of the Tertiary subtropical lineage of ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae)

Taxon

Locality

Biogeographic region

Age

Size class

Reference

Hedera sp.

Pongsan, Korea

E Asia

Oligocene (39.9–23 Mya)

Macrofossil

[44, 46]

Hedera cf. multinervis

Abkhazia, Georgia

W Asia

Miocene

Macrofossil (leaf)

[47]

Hedera cf. multinervis

Vegora, Greece

E Mediterranean

Miocene

Macrofossil (leaf)

[41, 48]

Hedera orbiculata

Silesia, Poland

Europe

Langhian (16.0–11.6 Mya)

Microfossil (pollen)

[41]

Hedera cf. multinervis

Cerdanya, Spain

W Mediterranean

Tortonian (11.6–11.3 Mya)

Macrofossil (leaf)

[42, 45]

Hedera sp.

Iberian Peninsula

W Mediterranean

Upper Miocene (11.7–5.3 Mya)

Microfossil (pollen)

[45]

Hedera cf. helix

Italy

W Mediterranean

Messinian (7.2–5.3 Mya)

Macrofossil (leaf)

[49]

Hedera sp.

NW Portugal

Europe

Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Mya)

Microfossil (pollen)

[50]

Hedera orbiculata

Thuringia, Germany

Europe

Piacenzian (3.6–2.6 Mya)

Macrofossil

[43]