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Table 2 The 17 temperate South American hummingbird-adapted plant species/clades, their family assignment, stem and/or crown ages, and pollinators. Numbers in parentheses after clade names refer to the number of species in the alignment. Full chronograms are in the online supporting materials Figs. S3a-h. The very long stem lineage of Philesiaceae (crown age 6.7 my, stem age 58.8 my), a Southern Chilean family of two species, is explained by its closest living relative species in Australia (with 52 my old macrofossils in Tasmania [64])

From: The temporal build-up of hummingbird/plant mutualisms in North America and temperate South America

Split of species or clade from nearest relative in alignment

Family

Stem age (my)

Crown age (my)

Age reference; figure number

Pollinators

Pollinator reference

Campsidium valdivianum

Bignoniaceae

12.8 (NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3a

Sephanoides sephanoides

Aizen & Vazquez, 2006

Chilean Gesneriaceae (3; Asteranthera ovata, Mitraria coccinea, Sarmienta repens)

Gesneriaceae

26.2 (NA)

16.28 (NA)

Woo et al., 2011; Fig. 2

Sephanoides sephanoides

Aizen & Vazquez, 2006

Cuminia eriantha

Lamiaceae

4.07 (NA)

-

Drew & Systma, 2012; Fig. 2

Sephanoides fernandensis, Sephanoides sephanoides

Bernadello et al., 2001

Dendroseris litoralis

Asteraceae

3.4 (NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3b

Sephanoides fernandensis, Sephanoides sephanoides

Schuchmann, 1999

Fuchsia lycioides

Onagraceae

17.14 (NA)

-

Berry et al., 2004; Fig. 2

Rhodopsis vesper, Sephanoides sephanoides

Atsatt & Rudel (1982), Reid et al. (2002) mentions that S. sephaiodes and F. lycioides occur in the same locality

Fuchsia magellanica

Onagraceae

5.23 (NA)

-

Berry et al., 2004; Fig. 2

Patagona gigas, Sephanoides sephanoides

Smith-Ramirez, 1993, Belmonte Schwarzbaum, 1999

Latua pubiflora

Solanaceae

14.11 (NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3c

Sephanoides sephanoides

Based on plant distribution

Lepechinia salviae

Lamiaceae

3.65

(NA)

-

Drew & Sytsma, 2013; Fig. 2

-

-

Ochagavia clade (3/4; Fascicularia bicolor, O. carnea, O. elegans)

Bromeliaceae

8.12

(NA)

6.38

(NA)

Givnish et al., 2013; Fig. 2

Sephanoides sephanoides Sephanoides fernandensis

Roy et al., 1998, Medan & Montaldo, 2005

Philesia magellanica, Lapagaria rosea

Philesiaceae

58.8 (NA)

6.74

(NA)

Chacón & Renner, 2014; Fig. 2

Patagona gigas, Sephanoides sephanoides

Belmonte Schwarzbaum, 1999, Aizen & Vazquez, 2006

Puya coerulea

Bromeliaceae

1.68

(NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3d

Patagona gigas; Oreotrochilus leucopleurus

Jabaily & Sytsma, 2010; Hornung et al., 2013

Puya venusta

Bromeliaceae

0.68

(NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3d

Patagona gigas

Jabaily & Sytsma, 2010

Rhaphithamnus venustus

Verbenaceae

1.96

(NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3e

Sephanoides sephanoides, Sephanoides fernandensis

Smith-Ramirez, 1993, Schuchmann, 1999

Schizanthus grahamii

Solanaceae

1.98

(NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3f

Oreotrochilus leucopleurus

Perez et al., 2006

Sophora fernandeziana

S. masafuerana

Fabaceae

1.03

(NA)

-

Ruiz et al., 2004; Fig. 2

Sephanoides sephanoides Sephanoides fernandensis

Bernadello et al., 2004

Tristerix (3; T. aphyllus, T. corymbosus, T. verticillatus)

Loranthaceae

6.85

(NA)

4.71

(NA)

Figs. 2, S3g

Patagona gigas, Sephanoides sephanoides

Smith-Ramirez, 1993; Amico et al., 2007

Vestia foetida

Solanaceae

12.85 (NA)

-

Figs. 2, S3h

Sephanoides sephanoides

Based on plant distribution